minidump_processor.cc

// Copyright 2006 Google LLC
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//    * Neither the name of Google LLC nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>  // Must come first
#endif

#include "google_breakpad/processor/minidump_processor.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

#include "common/stdio_wrapper.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/call_stack.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/minidump.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/process_state.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/exploitability.h"
#include "google_breakpad/processor/stack_frame_symbolizer.h"
#include "processor/logging.h"
#include "processor/stackwalker_x86.h"
#include "processor/symbolic_constants_win.h"

#ifdef __linux__
#include "processor/disassembler_objdump.h"
#endif

namespace google_breakpad {

MinidumpProcessor::MinidumpProcessor(SymbolSupplier* supplier,
                                     SourceLineResolverInterface* resolver)
    : frame_symbolizer_(new StackFrameSymbolizer(supplier, resolver)),
      own_frame_symbolizer_(true),
      enable_exploitability_(false),
      enable_objdump_(false),
      enable_objdump_for_exploitability_(false),
      max_thread_count_(-1) {
}

MinidumpProcessor::MinidumpProcessor(SymbolSupplier* supplier,
                                     SourceLineResolverInterface* resolver,
                                     bool enable_exploitability)
    : frame_symbolizer_(new StackFrameSymbolizer(supplier, resolver)),
      own_frame_symbolizer_(true),
      enable_exploitability_(enable_exploitability),
      enable_objdump_(false),
      enable_objdump_for_exploitability_(false),
      max_thread_count_(-1) {
}

MinidumpProcessor::MinidumpProcessor(StackFrameSymbolizer* frame_symbolizer,
                                     bool enable_exploitability)
    : frame_symbolizer_(frame_symbolizer),
      own_frame_symbolizer_(false),
      enable_exploitability_(enable_exploitability),
      enable_objdump_(false),
      enable_objdump_for_exploitability_(false),
      max_thread_count_(-1) {
  assert(frame_symbolizer_);
}

MinidumpProcessor::~MinidumpProcessor() {
  if (own_frame_symbolizer_) delete frame_symbolizer_;
}

ProcessResult MinidumpProcessor::Process(
    Minidump* dump, ProcessState* process_state) {
  assert(dump);
  assert(process_state);

  process_state->Clear();

  const MDRawHeader* header = dump->header();
  if (!header) {
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Minidump " << dump->path() << " has no header";
    return PROCESS_ERROR_NO_MINIDUMP_HEADER;
  }
  process_state->time_date_stamp_ = header->time_date_stamp;

  bool has_process_create_time =
      GetProcessCreateTime(dump, &process_state->process_create_time_);

  bool has_cpu_info = GetCPUInfo(dump, &process_state->system_info_);
  bool has_os_info = GetOSInfo(dump, &process_state->system_info_);

  uint32_t dump_thread_id = 0;
  bool has_dump_thread = false;
  uint32_t requesting_thread_id = 0;
  bool has_requesting_thread = false;

  MinidumpBreakpadInfo* breakpad_info = dump->GetBreakpadInfo();
  if (breakpad_info) {
    has_dump_thread = breakpad_info->GetDumpThreadID(&dump_thread_id);
    has_requesting_thread =
        breakpad_info->GetRequestingThreadID(&requesting_thread_id);
  }

  MinidumpException* exception = dump->GetException();
  if (exception) {
    process_state->crashed_ = true;
    has_requesting_thread = exception->GetThreadID(&requesting_thread_id);

    process_state->crash_reason_ = GetCrashReason(
        dump, &process_state->crash_address_, enable_objdump_);

    process_state->exception_record_.set_code(
        exception->exception()->exception_record.exception_code,
        // TODO(ivanpe): Populate description.
        /* description = */ "");
    process_state->exception_record_.set_flags(
        exception->exception()->exception_record.exception_flags,
        // TODO(ivanpe): Populate description.
        /* description = */ "");
    process_state->exception_record_.set_nested_exception_record_address(
        exception->exception()->exception_record.exception_record);
    process_state->exception_record_.set_address(process_state->crash_address_);
    const uint32_t num_parameters =
        std::min(exception->exception()->exception_record.number_parameters,
                 MD_EXCEPTION_MAXIMUM_PARAMETERS);
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_parameters; ++i) {
      process_state->exception_record_.add_parameter(
          exception->exception()->exception_record.exception_information[i],
          // TODO(ivanpe): Populate description.
          /* description = */ "");
    }
  }

  // This will just return an empty string if it doesn't exist.
  process_state->assertion_ = GetAssertion(dump);

  MinidumpModuleList* module_list = dump->GetModuleList();

  // Put a copy of the module list into ProcessState object.  This is not
  // necessarily a MinidumpModuleList, but it adheres to the CodeModules
  // interface, which is all that ProcessState needs to expose.
  if (module_list) {
    process_state->modules_ = module_list->Copy();
    process_state->shrunk_range_modules_ =
        process_state->modules_->GetShrunkRangeModules();
    for (unsigned int i = 0;
         i < process_state->shrunk_range_modules_.size();
         i++) {
      linked_ptr<const CodeModule> module =
          process_state->shrunk_range_modules_[i];
      BPLOG(INFO) << "The range for module " << module->code_file()
                  << " was shrunk down by " << HexString(
                      module->shrink_down_delta()) << " bytes. ";
    }
  }

  MinidumpUnloadedModuleList* unloaded_module_list =
      dump->GetUnloadedModuleList();
  if (unloaded_module_list) {
    process_state->unloaded_modules_ = unloaded_module_list->Copy();
  }

  MinidumpMemoryList* memory_list = dump->GetMemoryList();
  if (memory_list) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Found " << memory_list->region_count()
                << " memory regions.";
  }

  MinidumpThreadList* threads = dump->GetThreadList();
  if (!threads) {
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Minidump " << dump->path() << " has no thread list";
    return PROCESS_ERROR_NO_THREAD_LIST;
  }

  BPLOG(INFO) << "Minidump " << dump->path() << " has " <<
      (has_cpu_info             ? "" : "no ") << "CPU info, " <<
      (has_os_info              ? "" : "no ") << "OS info, " <<
      (breakpad_info != nullptr ? "" : "no ") << "Breakpad info, " <<
      (exception != nullptr     ? "" : "no ") << "exception, " <<
      (module_list != nullptr   ? "" : "no ") << "module list, " <<
      (threads != nullptr       ? "" : "no ") << "thread list, " <<
      (has_dump_thread          ? "" : "no ") << "dump thread, " <<
      (has_requesting_thread    ? "" : "no ") << "requesting thread, and " <<
      (has_process_create_time  ? "" : "no ") << "process create time";

  bool interrupted = false;
  bool found_requesting_thread = false;
  unsigned int thread_count = threads->thread_count();
  process_state->original_thread_count_ = thread_count;

  // Reset frame_symbolizer_ at the beginning of stackwalk for each minidump.
  frame_symbolizer_->Reset();

  MinidumpThreadNameList* thread_names = dump->GetThreadNameList();
  std::map<uint32_t, std::string> thread_id_to_name;
  if (thread_names) {
    const unsigned int thread_name_count = thread_names->thread_name_count();
    for (unsigned int thread_name_index = 0;
         thread_name_index < thread_name_count; ++thread_name_index) {
      MinidumpThreadName* thread_name =
          thread_names->GetThreadNameAtIndex(thread_name_index);
      if (!thread_name) {
        BPLOG(ERROR) << "Could not get thread name for thread at index "
                     << thread_name_index;
        return PROCESS_ERROR_GETTING_THREAD_NAME;
      }
      uint32_t thread_id;
      if (!thread_name->GetThreadID(&thread_id)) {
        BPLOG(ERROR) << "Could not get thread ID for thread at index "
                     << thread_name_index;
        return PROCESS_ERROR_GETTING_THREAD_NAME;
      }
      thread_id_to_name.insert(
          std::make_pair(thread_id, thread_name->GetThreadName()));
    }
  }

  for (unsigned int thread_index = 0;
       thread_index < thread_count;
       ++thread_index) {
    char thread_string_buffer[64];
    snprintf(thread_string_buffer, sizeof(thread_string_buffer), "%d/%d",
             thread_index, thread_count);
    std::string thread_string = dump->path() + ":" + thread_string_buffer;

    MinidumpThread* thread = threads->GetThreadAtIndex(thread_index);
    if (!thread) {
      BPLOG(ERROR) << "Could not get thread for " << thread_string;
      return PROCESS_ERROR_GETTING_THREAD;
    }

    uint32_t thread_id;
    if (!thread->GetThreadID(&thread_id)) {
      BPLOG(ERROR) << "Could not get thread ID for " << thread_string;
      return PROCESS_ERROR_GETTING_THREAD_ID;
    }

    thread_string += " id " + HexString(thread_id);
    auto thread_name_iter = thread_id_to_name.find(thread_id);
    std::string thread_name;
    if (thread_name_iter != thread_id_to_name.end()) {
      thread_name = thread_name_iter->second;
    }
    if (!thread_name.empty()) {
      thread_string += " name [" + thread_name + "]";
    }
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Looking at thread " << thread_string;

    // If this thread is the thread that produced the minidump, don't process
    // it.  Because of the problems associated with a thread producing a
    // dump of itself (when both its context and its stack are in flux),
    // processing that stack wouldn't provide much useful data.
    if (has_dump_thread && thread_id == dump_thread_id) {
      process_state->original_thread_count_--;
      continue;
    }

    MinidumpContext* context = thread->GetContext();

    if (has_requesting_thread && thread_id == requesting_thread_id) {
      if (found_requesting_thread) {
        // There can't be more than one requesting thread.
        BPLOG(ERROR) << "Duplicate requesting thread: " << thread_string;
        return PROCESS_ERROR_DUPLICATE_REQUESTING_THREADS;
      }

      // Use processed_state->threads_.size() instead of thread_index.
      // thread_index points to the thread index in the minidump, which
      // might be greater than the thread index in the threads vector if
      // any of the minidump's threads are skipped and not placed into the
      // processed threads vector.  The thread vector's current size will
      // be the index of the current thread when it's pushed into the
      // vector.
      process_state->requesting_thread_ = process_state->threads_.size();
      if (max_thread_count_ >= 0) {
        thread_count =
            std::min(thread_count,
                     std::max(static_cast<unsigned int>(
                                  process_state->requesting_thread_ + 1),
                              static_cast<unsigned int>(max_thread_count_)));
      }

      found_requesting_thread = true;

      if (process_state->crashed_) {
        // Use the exception record's context for the crashed thread, instead
        // of the thread's own context.  For the crashed thread, the thread's
        // own context is the state inside the exception handler.  Using it
        // would not result in the expected stack trace from the time of the
        // crash. If the exception context is invalid, however, we fall back
        // on the thread context.
        MinidumpContext* ctx = exception->GetContext();
        context = ctx ? ctx : thread->GetContext();
      }
    }

    // If the memory region for the stack cannot be read using the RVA stored
    // in the memory descriptor inside MINIDUMP_THREAD, try to locate and use
    // a memory region (containing the stack) from the minidump memory list.
    MinidumpMemoryRegion* thread_memory = thread->GetMemory();
    if (!thread_memory && memory_list) {
      uint64_t start_stack_memory_range = thread->GetStartOfStackMemoryRange();
      if (start_stack_memory_range) {
        thread_memory = memory_list->GetMemoryRegionForAddress(
           start_stack_memory_range);
      }
    }
    if (!thread_memory) {
      BPLOG(ERROR) << "No memory region for " << thread_string;
    }

    // Use process_state->modules_ instead of module_list, because the
    // |modules| argument will be used to populate the |module| fields in
    // the returned StackFrame objects, which will be placed into the
    // returned ProcessState object.  module_list's lifetime is only as
    // long as the Minidump object: it will be deleted when this function
    // returns.  process_state->modules_ is owned by the ProcessState object
    // (just like the StackFrame objects), and is much more suitable for this
    // task.
    std::unique_ptr<Stackwalker> stackwalker(
        Stackwalker::StackwalkerForCPU(process_state->system_info(),
                                       context,
                                       thread_memory,
                                       process_state->modules_,
                                       process_state->unloaded_modules_,
                                       frame_symbolizer_));

    std::unique_ptr<CallStack> stack(new CallStack());
    if (stackwalker.get()) {
      if (!stackwalker->Walk(stack.get(),
                             &process_state->modules_without_symbols_,
                             &process_state->modules_with_corrupt_symbols_)) {
        BPLOG(INFO) << "Stackwalker interrupt (missing symbols?) at "
                    << thread_string;
        interrupted = true;
      }
    } else {
      // Threads with missing CPU contexts will hit this, but
      // don't abort processing the rest of the dump just for
      // one bad thread.
      BPLOG(ERROR) << "No stackwalker for " << thread_string;
    }
    stack->set_tid(thread_id);
    process_state->threads_.push_back(stack.release());
    process_state->thread_memory_regions_.push_back(thread_memory);
    process_state->thread_names_.push_back(std::move(thread_name));
  }

  if (interrupted) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Processing interrupted for " << dump->path();
    return PROCESS_SYMBOL_SUPPLIER_INTERRUPTED;
  }

  // If a requesting thread was indicated, it must be present.
  if (has_requesting_thread && !found_requesting_thread) {
    // Don't mark as an error, but invalidate the requesting thread
    BPLOG(ERROR) << "Minidump indicated requesting thread " <<
        HexString(requesting_thread_id) << ", not found in " <<
        dump->path();
    process_state->requesting_thread_ = -1;
  }

  // Exploitability defaults to EXPLOITABILITY_NOT_ANALYZED
  process_state->exploitability_ = EXPLOITABILITY_NOT_ANALYZED;

  // If an exploitability run was requested we perform the platform specific
  // rating.
  if (enable_exploitability_) {
    std::unique_ptr<Exploitability> exploitability(
        Exploitability::ExploitabilityForPlatform(
          dump, process_state, enable_objdump_for_exploitability_));
    // The engine will be null if the platform is not supported
    if (exploitability != nullptr) {
      process_state->exploitability_ = exploitability->CheckExploitability();
    } else {
      process_state->exploitability_ = EXPLOITABILITY_ERR_NOENGINE;
    }
  }

  BPLOG(INFO) << "Processed " << dump->path();
  return PROCESS_OK;
}

ProcessResult MinidumpProcessor::Process(const std::string& minidump_file,
                                         ProcessState* process_state) {
  BPLOG(INFO) << "Processing minidump in file " << minidump_file;

  Minidump dump(minidump_file);
  if (!dump.Read()) {
     BPLOG(ERROR) << "Minidump " << dump.path() << " could not be read";
     return PROCESS_ERROR_MINIDUMP_NOT_FOUND;
  }

  return Process(&dump, process_state);
}

// Returns the MDRawSystemInfo from a minidump, or NULL if system info is
// not available from the minidump.  If system_info is non-NULL, it is used
// to pass back the MinidumpSystemInfo object.
static const MDRawSystemInfo* GetSystemInfo(Minidump* dump,
                                            MinidumpSystemInfo** system_info) {
  MinidumpSystemInfo* minidump_system_info = dump->GetSystemInfo();
  if (!minidump_system_info)
    return nullptr;

  if (system_info)
    *system_info = minidump_system_info;

  return minidump_system_info->system_info();
}

static uint64_t GetAddressForArchitecture(const MDCPUArchitecture architecture,
                                          size_t raw_address)
{
  switch (architecture) {
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_MIPS:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_SHX:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86_WIN64:
      // 32-bit architectures, mask the upper bits.
      return raw_address & 0xffffffffULL;

    default:
      // All other architectures either have 64-bit pointers or it's impossible
      // to tell from the minidump (e.g. MSIL or SPARC) so use 64-bits anyway.
      return raw_address;
  }
}

// Extract CPU info string from ARM-specific MDRawSystemInfo structure.
// raw_info: pointer to source MDRawSystemInfo.
// cpu_info: address of target string, cpu info text will be appended to it.
static void GetARMCpuInfo(const MDRawSystemInfo* raw_info,
                          std::string* cpu_info) {
  assert(raw_info != nullptr && cpu_info != nullptr);

  // Write ARM architecture version.
  char cpu_string[32];
  snprintf(cpu_string, sizeof(cpu_string), "ARMv%d",
           raw_info->processor_level);
  cpu_info->append(cpu_string);

  // There is no good list of implementer id values, but the following
  // pages provide some help:
  //   http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.linaro.devel/6903
  //   http://forum.xda-developers.com/archive/index.php/t-480226.html
  const struct {
    uint32_t id;
    const char* name;
  } vendors[] = {
    { 0x41, "ARM" },
    { 0x51, "Qualcomm" },
    { 0x56, "Marvell" },
    { 0x69, "Intel/Marvell" },
  };
  const struct {
    uint32_t id;
    const char* name;
  } parts[] = {
    { 0x4100c050, "Cortex-A5" },
    { 0x4100c080, "Cortex-A8" },
    { 0x4100c090, "Cortex-A9" },
    { 0x4100c0f0, "Cortex-A15" },
    { 0x4100c140, "Cortex-R4" },
    { 0x4100c150, "Cortex-R5" },
    { 0x4100b360, "ARM1136" },
    { 0x4100b560, "ARM1156" },
    { 0x4100b760, "ARM1176" },
    { 0x4100b020, "ARM11-MPCore" },
    { 0x41009260, "ARM926" },
    { 0x41009460, "ARM946" },
    { 0x41009660, "ARM966" },
    { 0x510006f0, "Krait" },
    { 0x510000f0, "Scorpion" },
  };

  const struct {
    uint32_t hwcap;
    const char* name;
  } features[] = {
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_SWP, "swp" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_HALF, "half" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_THUMB, "thumb" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_26BIT, "26bit" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_FAST_MULT, "fastmult" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_FPA, "fpa" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_VFP, "vfpv2" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_EDSP, "edsp" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_JAVA, "java" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_IWMMXT, "iwmmxt" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_CRUNCH, "crunch" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_THUMBEE, "thumbee" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_NEON, "neon" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_VFPv3, "vfpv3" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_VFPv3D16, "vfpv3d16" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_TLS, "tls" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_VFPv4, "vfpv4" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_IDIVA, "idiva" },
    { MD_CPU_ARM_ELF_HWCAP_IDIVT, "idivt" },
  };

  uint32_t cpuid = raw_info->cpu.arm_cpu_info.cpuid;
  if (cpuid != 0) {
    // Extract vendor name from CPUID
    const char* vendor = nullptr;
    uint32_t vendor_id = (cpuid >> 24) & 0xff;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(vendors)/sizeof(vendors[0]); ++i) {
      if (vendors[i].id == vendor_id) {
        vendor = vendors[i].name;
        break;
      }
    }
    cpu_info->append(" ");
    if (vendor) {
      cpu_info->append(vendor);
    } else {
      snprintf(cpu_string, sizeof(cpu_string), "vendor(0x%x)", vendor_id);
      cpu_info->append(cpu_string);
    }

    // Extract part name from CPUID
    uint32_t part_id = (cpuid & 0xff00fff0);
    const char* part = nullptr;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(parts)/sizeof(parts[0]); ++i) {
      if (parts[i].id == part_id) {
        part = parts[i].name;
        break;
      }
    }
    cpu_info->append(" ");
    if (part != nullptr) {
      cpu_info->append(part);
    } else {
      snprintf(cpu_string, sizeof(cpu_string), "part(0x%x)", part_id);
      cpu_info->append(cpu_string);
    }
  }
  uint32_t elf_hwcaps = raw_info->cpu.arm_cpu_info.elf_hwcaps;
  if (elf_hwcaps != 0) {
    cpu_info->append(" features: ");
    const char* comma = "";
    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(features)/sizeof(features[0]); ++i) {
      if (elf_hwcaps & features[i].hwcap) {
        cpu_info->append(comma);
        cpu_info->append(features[i].name);
        comma = ",";
      }
    }
  }
}

// static
bool MinidumpProcessor::GetCPUInfo(Minidump* dump, SystemInfo* info) {
  assert(dump);
  assert(info);

  info->cpu.clear();
  info->cpu_info.clear();

  MinidumpSystemInfo* system_info;
  const MDRawSystemInfo* raw_system_info = GetSystemInfo(dump, &system_info);
  if (!raw_system_info)
    return false;

  switch (raw_system_info->processor_architecture) {
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64: {
      if (raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
          MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86)
        info->cpu = "x86";
      else
        info->cpu = "amd64";

      const std::string* cpu_vendor = system_info->GetCPUVendor();
      if (cpu_vendor) {
        info->cpu_info = *cpu_vendor;
        info->cpu_info.append(" ");
      }

      char x86_info[36];
      snprintf(x86_info, sizeof(x86_info), "family %u model %u stepping %u",
               raw_system_info->processor_level,
               raw_system_info->processor_revision >> 8,
               raw_system_info->processor_revision & 0xff);
      info->cpu_info.append(x86_info);
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC: {
      info->cpu = "ppc";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC64: {
      info->cpu = "ppc64";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_SPARC: {
      info->cpu = "sparc";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM: {
      info->cpu = "arm";
      GetARMCpuInfo(raw_system_info, &info->cpu_info);
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64:
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_OLD: {
      info->cpu = "arm64";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_MIPS: {
      info->cpu = "mips";
      break;
    }
    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_MIPS64: {
      info->cpu = "mips64";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_RISCV: {
      info->cpu = "riscv";
      break;
    }

    case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_RISCV64: {
      info->cpu = "riscv64";
      break;
    }

    default: {
      // Assign the numeric architecture ID into the CPU string.
      char cpu_string[7];
      snprintf(cpu_string, sizeof(cpu_string), "0x%04x",
               raw_system_info->processor_architecture);
      info->cpu = cpu_string;
      break;
    }
  }

  info->cpu_count = raw_system_info->number_of_processors;

  return true;
}

// static
bool MinidumpProcessor::GetOSInfo(Minidump* dump, SystemInfo* info) {
  assert(dump);
  assert(info);

  info->os.clear();
  info->os_short.clear();
  info->os_version.clear();

  MinidumpSystemInfo* system_info;
  const MDRawSystemInfo* raw_system_info = GetSystemInfo(dump, &system_info);
  if (!raw_system_info)
    return false;

  info->os_short = system_info->GetOS();

  switch (raw_system_info->platform_id) {
    case MD_OS_WIN32_NT: {
      info->os = "Windows NT";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_WIN32_WINDOWS: {
      info->os = "Windows";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_MAC_OS_X: {
      info->os = "Mac OS X";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_IOS: {
      info->os = "iOS";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_LINUX: {
      info->os = "Linux";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_SOLARIS: {
      info->os = "Solaris";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_ANDROID: {
      info->os = "Android";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_PS3: {
      info->os = "PS3";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_NACL: {
      info->os = "NaCl";
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_FUCHSIA: {
      info->os = "Fuchsia";
      break;
    }

    default: {
      // Assign the numeric platform ID into the OS string.
      char os_string[11];
      snprintf(os_string, sizeof(os_string), "0x%08x",
               raw_system_info->platform_id);
      info->os = os_string;
      break;
    }
  }

  char os_version_string[33];
  snprintf(os_version_string, sizeof(os_version_string), "%u.%u.%u",
           raw_system_info->major_version,
           raw_system_info->minor_version,
           raw_system_info->build_number);
  info->os_version = os_version_string;

  const std::string* csd_version = system_info->GetCSDVersion();
  if (csd_version) {
    info->os_version.append(" ");
    info->os_version.append(*csd_version);
  }

  return true;
}

// static
bool MinidumpProcessor::GetProcessCreateTime(Minidump* dump,
                                             uint32_t* process_create_time) {
  assert(dump);
  assert(process_create_time);

  *process_create_time = 0;

  MinidumpMiscInfo* minidump_misc_info = dump->GetMiscInfo();
  if (!minidump_misc_info) {
    return false;
  }

  const MDRawMiscInfo* md_raw_misc_info = minidump_misc_info->misc_info();
  if (!md_raw_misc_info) {
    return false;
  }

  if (!(md_raw_misc_info->flags1 & MD_MISCINFO_FLAGS1_PROCESS_TIMES)) {
    return false;
  }

  *process_create_time = md_raw_misc_info->process_create_time;
  return true;
}

#ifdef __linux__

static bool IsCanonicalAddress(uint64_t address) {
  uint64_t sign_bit = (address >> 63) & 1;
  for (int shift = 48; shift < 63; ++shift) {
    if (sign_bit != ((address >> shift) & 1)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  return true;
}

static void CalculateFaultAddressFromInstruction(Minidump* dump,
                                                 uint64_t* address) {
  MinidumpException* exception = dump->GetException();
  if (exception == nullptr) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Failed to get exception.";
    return;
  }

  MinidumpContext* context = exception->GetContext();
  if (context == nullptr) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Failed to get exception context.";
    return;
  }

  uint64_t instruction_ptr = 0;
  if (!context->GetInstructionPointer(&instruction_ptr)) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Failed to get instruction pointer.";
    return;
  }

  // Get memory region containing instruction pointer.
  MinidumpMemoryList* memory_list = dump->GetMemoryList();
  MinidumpMemoryRegion* memory_region =
    memory_list ?
    memory_list->GetMemoryRegionForAddress(instruction_ptr) : nullptr;
  if (!memory_region) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "No memory region around instruction pointer.";
    return;
  }

  DisassemblerObjdump disassembler(context->GetContextCPU(), memory_region,
                                   instruction_ptr);
  if (!disassembler.IsValid()) {
    BPLOG(INFO) << "Disassembling fault instruction failed.";
    return;
  }

  // It's possible that we reach here when the faulting address is already
  // correct, so we only update it if we find that at least one of the src/dest
  // addresses is non-canonical. If both are non-canonical, we arbitrarily set
  // it to the larger of the two, as this is more likely to be a known poison
  // value.

  bool valid_read, valid_write;
  uint64_t read_address, write_address;

  valid_read = disassembler.CalculateSrcAddress(*context, read_address);
  valid_read &= !IsCanonicalAddress(read_address);

  valid_write = disassembler.CalculateDestAddress(*context, write_address);
  valid_write &= !IsCanonicalAddress(write_address);

  if (valid_read && valid_write) {
    *address = read_address > write_address ? read_address : write_address;
  } else if (valid_read) {
    *address = read_address;
  } else if (valid_write) {
    *address = write_address;
  }
}
#endif // __linux__

// static
std::string MinidumpProcessor::GetCrashReason(Minidump* dump, uint64_t* address,
                                              bool enable_objdump) {
  MinidumpException* exception = dump->GetException();
  if (!exception)
    return "";

  const MDRawExceptionStream* raw_exception = exception->exception();
  if (!raw_exception)
    return "";

  if (address)
    *address = raw_exception->exception_record.exception_address;

  // The reason value is OS-specific and possibly CPU-specific.  Set up
  // sensible numeric defaults for the reason string in case we can't
  // map the codes to a string (because there's no system info, or because
  // it's an unrecognized platform, or because it's an unrecognized code.)
  char reason_string[24];
  char flags_string[11];
  uint32_t exception_code = raw_exception->exception_record.exception_code;
  uint32_t exception_flags = raw_exception->exception_record.exception_flags;
  snprintf(flags_string, sizeof(flags_string), "0x%08x", exception_flags);
  snprintf(reason_string, sizeof(reason_string), "0x%08x / %s", exception_code,
           flags_string);
  std::string reason = reason_string;

  const MDRawSystemInfo* raw_system_info = GetSystemInfo(dump, nullptr);
  if (!raw_system_info)
    return reason;

  switch (raw_system_info->platform_id) {
    case MD_OS_FUCHSIA: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_GENERAL:
          reason = "GENERAL / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_FATAL_PAGE_FAULT:
          reason = "FATAL_PAGE_FAULT / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_UNDEFINED_INSTRUCTION:
          reason = "UNDEFINED_INSTRUCTION / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_SW_BREAKPOINT:
          reason = "SW_BREAKPOINT / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_HW_BREAKPOINT:
          reason = "HW_BREAKPOINT / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_UNALIGNED_ACCESS:
          reason = "UNALIGNED_ACCESS / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_THREAD_STARTING:
          reason = "THREAD_STARTING / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_THREAD_EXITING:
          reason = "THREAD_EXITING / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_POLICY_ERROR:
          reason = "POLICY_ERROR / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_FUCHSIA_PROCESS_STARTING:
          reason = "PROCESS_STARTING / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        default:
          BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
      }
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_MAC_OS_X:
    case MD_OS_IOS: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_BAD_ACCESS:
          reason = "EXC_BAD_ACCESS / ";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_INVALID_ADDRESS:
              reason.append("KERN_INVALID_ADDRESS");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
              reason.append("KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_NO_ACCESS:
              reason.append("KERN_NO_ACCESS");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_MEMORY_FAILURE:
              reason.append("KERN_MEMORY_FAILURE");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_MEMORY_ERROR:
              reason.append("KERN_MEMORY_ERROR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_CODESIGN_ERROR:
              reason.append("KERN_CODESIGN_ERROR");
              break;
            default:
              // arm and ppc overlap
              if (raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
                  MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM ||
                  raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
                  MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_OLD) {
                switch (exception_flags) {
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_DA_ALIGN:
                    reason.append("EXC_ARM_DA_ALIGN");
                    break;
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_DA_DEBUG:
                    reason.append("EXC_ARM_DA_DEBUG");
                    break;
                  default:
                    reason.append(flags_string);
                    BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                    break;
                }
              } else if (raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
                         MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC) {
                switch (exception_flags) {
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_VM_PROT_READ:
                    reason.append("EXC_PPC_VM_PROT_READ");
                    break;
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_BADSPACE:
                    reason.append("EXC_PPC_BADSPACE");
                    break;
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_UNALIGNED:
                    reason.append("EXC_PPC_UNALIGNED");
                    break;
                  default:
                    reason.append(flags_string);
                    BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                    break;
                }
              } else if (raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
                         MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86 ||
                         raw_system_info->processor_architecture ==
                         MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64) {
                switch (exception_flags) {
                  case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_GENERAL_PROTECTION_FAULT:
                    reason.append("EXC_I386_GPFLT");
                    break;
                  default:
                    reason.append(flags_string);
                    BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                    break;
                }
              } else {
                reason.append(flags_string);
                BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              }
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_BAD_INSTRUCTION:
          reason = "EXC_BAD_INSTRUCTION / ";
          switch (raw_system_info->processor_architecture) {
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM:
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_OLD: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_UNDEFINED:
                  reason.append("EXC_ARM_UNDEFINED");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_INVALID_SYSCALL:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_INVALID_SYSCALL");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_UNIMPLEMENTED_INSTRUCTION:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_UNIPL_INST");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_PRIVILEGED_INSTRUCTION:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_PRIVINST");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_PRIVILEGED_REGISTER:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_PRIVREG");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_TRACE:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_TRACE");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_PERFORMANCE_MONITOR:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_PERFMON");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64:
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_INVALID_OPERATION:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_INVOP");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_INVALID_TASK_STATE_SEGMENT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_INVTSSFLT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_SEGMENT_NOT_PRESENT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_SEGNPFLT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_STACK_FAULT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_STKFLT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_GENERAL_PROTECTION_FAULT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_GPFLT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_ALIGNMENT_FAULT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_ALIGNFLT");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_ARITHMETIC:
          reason = "EXC_ARITHMETIC / ";
          switch (raw_system_info->processor_architecture) {
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_OVERFLOW:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_OVERFLOW");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_ZERO_DIVIDE:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_ZERO_DIVIDE");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_FLOAT_INEXACT:
                  reason.append("EXC_FLT_INEXACT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_FLOAT_ZERO_DIVIDE:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_FLT_ZERO_DIVIDE");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_FLOAT_UNDERFLOW:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_FLT_UNDERFLOW");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_FLOAT_OVERFLOW:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_FLT_OVERFLOW");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_FLOAT_NOT_A_NUMBER:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_FLT_NOT_A_NUMBER");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_NO_EMULATION:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_NOEMULATION");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_ALTIVEC_ASSIST:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_ALTIVECASSIST");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64:
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_DIV:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_DIV");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_INTO:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_INTO");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_NOEXT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_NOEXT");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_EXTOVR:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_EXTOVR");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_EXTERR:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_EXTERR");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_EMERR:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_EMERR");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_BOUND:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_BOUND");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_SSEEXTERR:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_SSEEXTERR");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_EMULATION:
          reason = "EXC_EMULATION / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_SOFTWARE:
          reason = "EXC_SOFTWARE / ";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ABORT:
              reason.append("SIGABRT");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_NS_EXCEPTION:
              reason.append("UNCAUGHT_NS_EXCEPTION");
              break;
            // These are ppc only but shouldn't be a problem as they're
            // unused on x86
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_TRAP:
              reason.append("EXC_PPC_TRAP");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_MIGRATE:
              reason.append("EXC_PPC_MIGRATE");
              break;
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_BREAKPOINT:
          reason = "EXC_BREAKPOINT / ";
          switch (raw_system_info->processor_architecture) {
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM:
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_ARM64_OLD: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_DA_ALIGN:
                  reason.append("EXC_ARM_DA_ALIGN");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_DA_DEBUG:
                  reason.append("EXC_ARM_DA_DEBUG");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_ARM_BREAKPOINT:
                  reason.append("EXC_ARM_BREAKPOINT");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_PPC: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_PPC_BREAKPOINT:
                  reason.append("EXC_PPC_BREAKPOINT");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64:
            case MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_X86: {
              switch (exception_flags) {
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_SGL:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_SGL");
                  break;
                case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_MAC_X86_BPT:
                  reason.append("EXC_I386_BPT");
                  break;
                default:
                  reason.append(flags_string);
                  BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
                  break;
              }
              break;
            }
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_SYSCALL:
          reason = "EXC_SYSCALL / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_MACH_SYSCALL:
          reason = "EXC_MACH_SYSCALL / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_RPC_ALERT:
          reason = "EXC_RPC_ALERT / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_RESOURCE:
          reason = "EXC_RESOURCE / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_GUARD:
          reason = "EXC_GUARD / ";
          reason.append(flags_string);
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_MAC_SIMULATED:
          reason = "Simulated Exception";
          break;
        case MD_NS_EXCEPTION_SIMULATED:
          reason = "Uncaught NSException";
          break;
      }
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_WIN32_NT:
    case MD_OS_WIN32_WINDOWS: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_CONTROL_C:
          reason = "DBG_CONTROL_C";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_GUARD_PAGE_VIOLATION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_GUARD_PAGE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_DATATYPE_MISALIGNMENT:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_DATATYPE_MISALIGNMENT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_BREAKPOINT:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_BREAKPOINT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_SINGLE_STEP:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_SINGLE_STEP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_ACCESS_VIOLATION:
          // For EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION, Windows puts the address that
          // caused the fault in exception_information[1].
          // exception_information[0] is 0 if the violation was caused by
          // an attempt to read data, 1 if it was an attempt to write data,
          // and 8 if this was a data execution violation.
          // This information is useful in addition to the code address, which
          // will be present in the crash thread's instruction field anyway.
          if (raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 1) {
            switch (raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[0]) {
              case MD_ACCESS_VIOLATION_WIN_READ:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION_READ";
                break;
              case MD_ACCESS_VIOLATION_WIN_WRITE:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION_WRITE";
                break;
              case MD_ACCESS_VIOLATION_WIN_EXEC:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION_EXEC";
                break;
              default:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION";
                break;
            }
          } else {
            reason = "EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION";
          }
          if (address &&
              raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 2) {
            *address =
                raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[1];
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_IN_PAGE_ERROR:
          // For EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR, Windows puts the address that
          // caused the fault in exception_information[1].
          // exception_information[0] is 0 if the violation was caused by
          // an attempt to read data, 1 if it was an attempt to write data,
          // and 8 if this was a data execution violation.
          // exception_information[2] contains the underlying NTSTATUS code,
          // which is the explanation for why this error occurred.
          // This information is useful in addition to the code address, which
          // will be present in the crash thread's instruction field anyway.
          if (raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 1) {
            switch (raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[0]) {
              case MD_IN_PAGE_ERROR_WIN_READ:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR_READ";
                break;
              case MD_IN_PAGE_ERROR_WIN_WRITE:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR_WRITE";
                break;
              case MD_IN_PAGE_ERROR_WIN_EXEC:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR_EXEC";
                break;
              default:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR";
                break;
            }
          } else {
            reason = "EXCEPTION_IN_PAGE_ERROR";
          }
          if (address &&
              raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 2) {
            *address =
                raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[1];
          }
          if (raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 3) {
            uint32_t ntstatus =
                static_cast<uint32_t>
                (raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[2]);
            reason.append(" / ");
            reason.append(NTStatusToString(ntstatus));
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_INVALID_HANDLE:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_INVALID_HANDLE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_NONCONTINUABLE_EXCEPTION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_NONCONTINUABLE_EXCEPTION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_INVALID_DISPOSITION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_INVALID_DISPOSITION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_ARRAY_BOUNDS_EXCEEDED:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_BOUNDS_EXCEEDED";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_DENORMAL_OPERAND:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_DENORMAL_OPERAND";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_INEXACT_RESULT:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_INEXACT_RESULT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_INVALID_OPERATION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_INVALID_OPERATION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_OVERFLOW:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_OVERFLOW";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_STACK_CHECK:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_STACK_CHECK";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_FLOAT_UNDERFLOW:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_FLT_UNDERFLOW";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_INTEGER_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_INT_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_INTEGER_OVERFLOW:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_INT_OVERFLOW";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_PRIVILEGED_INSTRUCTION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_PRIV_INSTRUCTION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_STACK_OVERFLOW:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_STACK_OVERFLOW";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_BAD_FUNCTION_TABLE:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_BAD_FUNCTION_TABLE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_POSSIBLE_DEADLOCK:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_POSSIBLE_DEADLOCK";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_STACK_BUFFER_OVERRUN:
          if (raw_exception->exception_record.number_parameters >= 1) {
            switch (raw_exception->exception_record.exception_information[0]) {
              // Note - we skip the '0'/GS case as it exists for legacy reasons.
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_VTGUARD_CHECK_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_VTGUARD_CHECK_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_STACK_COOKIE_CHECK_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_STACK_COOKIE_CHECK_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_CORRUPT_LIST_ENTRY:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_CORRUPT_LIST_ENTRY";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INCORRECT_STACK:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INCORRECT_STACK";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_ARG:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_ARG";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GS_COOKIE_INIT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GS_COOKIE_INIT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_FATAL_APP_EXIT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_FATAL_APP_EXIT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_RANGE_CHECK_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_RANGE_CHECK_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNSAFE_REGISTRY_ACCESS:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNSAFE_REGISTRY_ACCESS";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_WRITE_CHECK_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_WRITE_CHECK_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FIBER_SWITCH:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FIBER_SWITCH";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_SET_OF_CONTEXT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_SET_OF_CONTEXT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_REFERENCE_COUNT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_REFERENCE_COUNT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_JUMP_BUFFER:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_JUMP_BUFFER";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_MRDATA_MODIFIED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_MRDATA_MODIFIED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_CERTIFICATION_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_CERTIFICATION_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_EXCEPTION_CHAIN:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_EXCEPTION_CHAIN";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_CRYPTO_LIBRARY";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_CALL_IN_DLL_CALLOUT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_CALL_IN_DLL_CALLOUT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IMAGE_BASE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IMAGE_BASE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_DLOAD_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_DLOAD_PROTECTION_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNSAFE_EXTENSION_CALL:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNSAFE_EXTENSION_CALL";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_DEPRECATED_SERVICE_INVOKED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_DEPRECATED_SERVICE_INVOKED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_BUFFER_ACCESS:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_BUFFER_ACCESS";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_BALANCED_TREE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_BALANCED_TREE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_NEXT_THREAD:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_NEXT_THREAD";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_SUPPRESSED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_SUPPRESSED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_APCS_DISABLED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_APCS_DISABLED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IDLE_STATE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IDLE_STATE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_MRDATA_PROTECTION_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_MRDATA_PROTECTION_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_HEAP_EXCEPTION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_HEAP_EXCEPTION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_LOCK_STATE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_LOCK_STATE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_JUMPTABLE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_JUMPTABLE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_LONGJUMP_TARGET:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_LONGJUMP_TARGET";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_DISPATCH_CONTEXT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_DISPATCH_CONTEXT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_THREAD:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_THREAD";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_SYSCALL_NUMBER:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_SYSCALL_NUMBER";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FILE_OPERATION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FILE_OPERATION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_LPAC_ACCESS_DENIED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_LPAC_ACCESS_DENIED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_SS_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_SS_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_LOADER_CONTINUITY_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_LOADER_CONTINUITY_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_EXPORT_SUPPRESSION_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_EXPORT_SUPPRESSION_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_CONTROL_STACK:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_CONTROL_STACK";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_SET_CONTEXT_DENIED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_SET_CONTEXT_DENIED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IAT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_IAT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_HEAP_METADATA_CORRUPTION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_HEAP_METADATA_CORRUPTION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_PAYLOAD_RESTRICTION_VIOLATION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_PAYLOAD_RESTRICTION_VIOLATION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_LOW_LABEL_ACCESS_DENIED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_LOW_LABEL_ACCESS_DENIED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_ENCLAVE_CALL_FAILURE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_ENCLAVE_CALL_FAILURE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNHANDLED_LSS_EXCEPTON:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNHANDLED_LSS_EXCEPTON";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_ADMINLESS_ACCESS_DENIED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_ADMINLESS_ACCESS_DENIED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_CALL:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_CALL";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_CONTROL_INVALID_RETURN_ADDRESS:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_CONTROL_INVALID_RETURN_ADDRESS";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_HOST_BEHAVIOR:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_UNEXPECTED_HOST_BEHAVIOR";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_FLAGS_CORRUPTION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_FLAGS_CORRUPTION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_VEH_CORRUPTION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_VEH_CORRUPTION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_ETW_CORRUPTION:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_ETW_CORRUPTION";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_RIO_ABORT:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_RIO_ABORT";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_PFN:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_PFN";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_FAILURE_XFG:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_GUARD_ICALL_CHECK_FAILURE_XFG";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_CAST_GUARD:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_CAST_GUARD";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_HOST_VISIBILITY_CHANGE:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_HOST_VISIBILITY_CHANGE";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_KERNEL_CET_SHADOW_STACK_ASSIST:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_KERNEL_CET_SHADOW_STACK_ASSIST";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_PATCH_CALLBACK_FAILED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_PATCH_CALLBACK_FAILED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_NTDLL_PATCH_FAILED:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_NTDLL_PATCH_FAILED";
                break;
              case MD_FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FLS_DATA:
                reason = "FAST_FAIL_INVALID_FLS_DATA";
                break;
              default:
                reason = "EXCEPTION_STACK_BUFFER_OVERRUN";
                break;
            }
          } else {
            reason = "EXCEPTION_STACK_BUFFER_OVERRUN";
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_HEAP_CORRUPTION:
          reason = "EXCEPTION_HEAP_CORRUPTION";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_OUT_OF_MEMORY:
          reason = "Out of Memory";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_UNHANDLED_CPP_EXCEPTION:
          reason = "Unhandled C++ Exception";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_WIN_SIMULATED:
          reason = "Simulated Exception";
          break;
        default:
          BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
          break;
      }
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_ANDROID:
    case MD_OS_LINUX: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGHUP:
          reason = "SIGHUP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGINT:
          reason = "SIGINT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGQUIT:
          reason = "SIGQUIT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGILL:
          reason = "SIGILL / ";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_ILLOPC:
              reason.append("ILL_ILLOPC");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_ILLOPN:
              reason.append("ILL_ILLOPN");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_ILLADR:
              reason.append("ILL_ILLADR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_ILLTRP:
              reason.append("ILL_ILLTRP");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_PRVOPC:
              reason.append("ILL_PRVOPC");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_PRVREG:
              reason.append("ILL_PRVREG");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_COPROC:
              reason.append("ILL_COPROC");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_ILL_BADSTK:
              reason.append("ILL_BADSTK");
              break;
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGTRAP:
          reason = "SIGTRAP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGABRT:
          reason = "SIGABRT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGBUS:
          reason = "SIGBUS / ";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_BUS_ADRALN:
              reason.append("BUS_ADRALN");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_BUS_ADRERR:
              reason.append("BUS_ADRERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_BUS_OBJERR:
              reason.append("BUS_OBJERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_BUS_MCEERR_AR:
              reason.append("BUS_MCEERR_AR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_BUS_MCEERR_AO:
              reason.append("BUS_MCEERR_AO");
              break;
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGFPE:
          reason = "SIGFPE / ";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_INTDIV:
              reason.append("FPE_INTDIV");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_INTOVF:
              reason.append("FPE_INTOVF");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTDIV:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTDIV");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTOVF:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTOVF");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTUND:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTUND");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTRES:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTRES");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTINV:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTINV");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_FPE_FLTSUB:
              reason.append("FPE_FLTSUB");
              break;
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGKILL:
          reason = "SIGKILL";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGUSR1:
          reason = "SIGUSR1";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGSEGV:
          reason = "SIGSEGV /";
          switch (exception_flags) {
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_MAPERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_MAPERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_ACCERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_ACCERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_BNDERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_BNDERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_PKUERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_PKUERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_ACCADI:
              reason.append("SEGV_ACCADI");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_ADIDERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_ADIDERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_ADIPERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_ADIPERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_MTEAERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_MTEAERR");
              break;
            case MD_EXCEPTION_FLAG_LIN_SEGV_MTESERR:
              reason.append("SEGV_MTESERR");
              break;
            default:
              reason.append(flags_string);
              BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
              break;
          }
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGUSR2:
          reason = "SIGUSR2";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGPIPE:
          reason = "SIGPIPE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGALRM:
          reason = "SIGALRM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGTERM:
          reason = "SIGTERM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGSTKFLT:
          reason = "SIGSTKFLT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGCHLD:
          reason = "SIGCHLD";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGCONT:
          reason = "SIGCONT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGSTOP:
          reason = "SIGSTOP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGTSTP:
          reason = "SIGTSTP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGTTIN:
          reason = "SIGTTIN";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGTTOU:
          reason = "SIGTTOU";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGURG:
          reason = "SIGURG";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGXCPU:
          reason = "SIGXCPU";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGXFSZ:
          reason = "SIGXFSZ";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGVTALRM:
          reason = "SIGVTALRM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGPROF:
          reason = "SIGPROF";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGWINCH:
          reason = "SIGWINCH";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGIO:
          reason = "SIGIO";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGPWR:
          reason = "SIGPWR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_SIGSYS:
          reason = "SIGSYS";
          break;
      case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_LIN_DUMP_REQUESTED:
          reason = "DUMP_REQUESTED";
          break;
        default:
          BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
          break;
      }
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_SOLARIS: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGHUP:
          reason = "SIGHUP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGINT:
          reason = "SIGINT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGQUIT:
          reason = "SIGQUIT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGILL:
          reason = "SIGILL";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTRAP:
          reason = "SIGTRAP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGIOT:
          reason = "SIGIOT | SIGABRT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGEMT:
          reason = "SIGEMT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGFPE:
          reason = "SIGFPE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGKILL:
          reason = "SIGKILL";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGBUS:
          reason = "SIGBUS";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGSEGV:
          reason = "SIGSEGV";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGSYS:
          reason = "SIGSYS";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGPIPE:
          reason = "SIGPIPE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGALRM:
          reason = "SIGALRM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTERM:
          reason = "SIGTERM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGUSR1:
          reason = "SIGUSR1";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGUSR2:
          reason = "SIGUSR2";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGCLD:
          reason = "SIGCLD | SIGCHLD";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGPWR:
          reason = "SIGPWR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGWINCH:
          reason = "SIGWINCH";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGURG:
          reason = "SIGURG";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGPOLL:
          reason = "SIGPOLL | SIGIO";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGSTOP:
          reason = "SIGSTOP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTSTP:
          reason = "SIGTSTP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGCONT:
          reason = "SIGCONT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTTIN:
          reason = "SIGTTIN";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTTOU:
          reason = "SIGTTOU";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGVTALRM:
          reason = "SIGVTALRM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGPROF:
          reason = "SIGPROF";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGXCPU:
          reason = "SIGXCPU";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGXFSZ:
          reason = "SIGXFSZ";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGWAITING:
          reason = "SIGWAITING";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGLWP:
          reason = "SIGLWP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGFREEZE:
          reason = "SIGFREEZE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGTHAW:
          reason = "SIGTHAW";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGCANCEL:
          reason = "SIGCANCEL";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGLOST:
          reason = "SIGLOST";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGXRES:
          reason = "SIGXRES";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGJVM1:
          reason = "SIGJVM1";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_SOL_SIGJVM2:
          reason = "SIGJVM2";
          break;
        default:
          BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
          break;
      }
      break;
    }

    case MD_OS_PS3: {
      switch (exception_code) {
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_UNKNOWN:
          reason = "UNKNOWN";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_TRAP_EXCEP:
          reason = "TRAP_EXCEP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_PRIV_INSTR:
          reason = "PRIV_INSTR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_ILLEGAL_INSTR:
          reason = "ILLEGAL_INSTR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_INSTR_STORAGE:
          reason = "INSTR_STORAGE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_INSTR_SEGMENT:
          reason = "INSTR_SEGMENT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_DATA_STORAGE:
          reason = "DATA_STORAGE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_DATA_SEGMENT:
          reason = "DATA_SEGMENT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_FLOAT_POINT:
          reason = "FLOAT_POINT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_DABR_MATCH:
          reason = "DABR_MATCH";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_ALIGN_EXCEP:
          reason = "ALIGN_EXCEP";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_MEMORY_ACCESS:
          reason = "MEMORY_ACCESS";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_ALIGN:
          reason = "COPRO_ALIGN";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_INVALID_COM:
          reason = "COPRO_INVALID_COM";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_ERR:
          reason = "COPRO_ERR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_FIR:
          reason = "COPRO_FIR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_DATA_SEGMENT:
          reason = "COPRO_DATA_SEGMENT";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_DATA_STORAGE:
          reason = "COPRO_DATA_STORAGE";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_STOP_INSTR:
          reason = "COPRO_STOP_INSTR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_HALT_INSTR:
          reason = "COPRO_HALT_INSTR";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_HALTINST_UNKNOWN:
          reason = "COPRO_HALTINSTR_UNKNOWN";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_COPRO_MEMORY_ACCESS:
          reason = "COPRO_MEMORY_ACCESS";
          break;
        case MD_EXCEPTION_CODE_PS3_GRAPHIC:
          reason = "GRAPHIC";
          break;
        default:
          BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason "<< reason;
          break;
      }
      break;
    }

    default: {
      BPLOG(INFO) << "Unknown exception reason " << reason;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (address) {
    *address = GetAddressForArchitecture(
      static_cast<MDCPUArchitecture>(raw_system_info->processor_architecture),
      *address);

#ifdef __linux__
    // For invalid accesses to non-canonical addresses, amd64 cpus don't provide
    // the fault address, so recover it from the disassembly and register state
    // if possible.
    if (enable_objdump
        && raw_system_info->processor_architecture == MD_CPU_ARCHITECTURE_AMD64
        && std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() == *address) {
      CalculateFaultAddressFromInstruction(dump, address);
    }
#endif // __linux__
  }

  return reason;
}

// static
std::string MinidumpProcessor::GetAssertion(Minidump* dump) {
  MinidumpAssertion* assertion = dump->GetAssertion();
  if (!assertion)
    return "";

  const MDRawAssertionInfo* raw_assertion = assertion->assertion();
  if (!raw_assertion)
    return "";

  std::string assertion_string;
  switch (raw_assertion->type) {
  case MD_ASSERTION_INFO_TYPE_INVALID_PARAMETER:
    assertion_string = "Invalid parameter passed to library function";
    break;
  case MD_ASSERTION_INFO_TYPE_PURE_VIRTUAL_CALL:
    assertion_string = "Pure virtual function called";
    break;
  default: {
    char assertion_type[32];
    snprintf(assertion_type, sizeof(assertion_type),
             "0x%08x", raw_assertion->type);
    assertion_string = "Unknown assertion type ";
    assertion_string += assertion_type;
    break;
  }
  }

  std::string expression = assertion->expression();
  if (!expression.empty()) {
    assertion_string.append(" " + expression);
  }

  std::string function = assertion->function();
  if (!function.empty()) {
    assertion_string.append(" in function " + function);
  }

  std::string file = assertion->file();
  if (!file.empty()) {
    assertion_string.append(", in file " + file);
  }

  if (raw_assertion->line != 0) {
    char assertion_line[32];
    snprintf(assertion_line, sizeof(assertion_line), "%u", raw_assertion->line);
    assertion_string.append(" at line ");
    assertion_string.append(assertion_line);
  }

  return assertion_string;
}

}  // namespace google_breakpad